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without phacoemulsification extracapsular cataract extraction in dogs.


The traditional method provides for the opening of the eye with a 'recording more' spacious than with phacoemulsification (3.2 mm) opening of the anterior capsule (capsulotomy) allows' out of the lens in whole or in blocks.



Today, with the use of viscoelastic and exhaust intervention provides very good results in expert hands with speed 'performance by reducing the time of anesthesia at little cost. This technique also
and 'indicated in those with cataracts dated hard consistency when working with the phaco (faoemulsificazione) overheat the eye for the time that it takes to crush the core (provide more eye inflammation), it must be said that our patients often come to the attention of the specialist when it advanced cataract and uveitis often accompanied by rupture of the anterior capsule are those cases where the risk of postoperative and 'more, for that matter in these cases the removal of the lens and' essential to prevent the increase in eye pressure (glaucoma ) fact, swelling the lens protrudes into the anterior chamber and goes to block the iridocorneal angle by reducing the flow aqueous humor.
Those health problems can not be subjected to anesthesia, and then intervention surgery should be monitored periodically for uveitis and ocular pressure.
should be noted that if the cataract and 'caught in time in some form through an initial consultation with a specialist, it is possible with the use of eye drops, anti-oxidants to slow its progress. It must be said about that the careless use of cortisone in dermatitis , allergies, autoimmune diseases accelerate the development of cataracts, especially the frequent diabetic cataracts in dogs.

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EYE TUMORS IN THE DOG AND CAT


tumors can affect the orbit of the eye, eyelids, third eyelid, lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva, the sclera, the cornea, el'uvea
La diagnosi precoce e’ il primo obbiettivo per una terapia efficace.
La lesione viene classificata con indagini citologiche e o istologiche
Tumori dell’Orbita nel cane e nel gatto:spesso determina un esoftalmo copiscono spesso animali in eta’ avanzata piu’ frequenti nel cane che nel gatto
Possono essere primari :con interessamento di tutti i tessuti presenti nell’orbita ed a secondo del tessuto interessato sono spesso maligni tra questi ci sono :adenoma e adenocarcinoma della terza palpebra,della ghiandola lacrimale(piu’ frequente nel gatto),della ghiandola zigomatica nel cane carcinoma squamocellulare,fibrosarcoma,osteosarcoma,glioma,rabdiosarcoma
Tumori dell’orbita secondari:per metastasis such as lymphoma, carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma
The differential diagnosis must be made with foreign bodies, retrobulbar abscess and cellulitis, with the measurement of intraocular pressure in glaucoma is excluded.
Diagnosis: to define the limits and the mass distribution and 'important ultrasound CT scan or MRI. The focused ultrasound and' essential for a cytological diagnosis

therapy: Often tumors that have invaded the entire orbit must be eradicated with enucleation with evisceration of the periorbital tissue and wrapped orbital associated with radiation therapy. If the localized tumor without metastasis and you can 'try to remove only the affected part without enucleate the eye.


Tumori primari delle palpebre nel cane e nel gatto:i piu’frequenti sono l’adenoma meibomiano ,si localizza sul bordo palpebrale e’frequente nel cane, nel gatto invece e’ frequente il carcinoma squamocellulare ,ha comportamento maligno e aggressivo invadendo spesso l’intera palpebra
FOTO CARCINOMA SQUAMOCELLULARE PALPEBRA GATTO

La diagnosi precoce e’ quindi indispensabile per una asportazione e ricostruzione palpebrale ,altre neoplasie primarie delle palpebre sono l’epitelioma meibomiano,l’istiocitoma il mastocitoma della porzione cutanea palpebrale,il melanoma sulla porzione congiuntivale ,l’emangiosarcoma carcinoma squamocellulare,linfoma,adenocarcinoma main lacrimal glands of the eyelid skin or sweat.
Secondary malignancies of the eyelid in dogs and cats are lymphoma.
diagnosis. Cytologic and histologic lesions, but most 'of the time the diagnosis is made after radical surgical excision of the tumor with histology
cancer more' aggressive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma It is the eyelid of the cat that requires a wide excision with radiation therapy to prevent relapse.

tumors of the lacrimal in dogs and cats.
are not frequent, el'adenoma gland adenocarcinoma of the third eyelid may 'also be interested in extending the turbinates o il seno mascellare
La diagnosi differenziale e’ con le forme cistiche della ghiandola della terza palpebra.
La terapia e’ chirurgica con asportazione della terza palpebra ed eventuali tessuti adiacenti in caso di infiltrazione neoplastica.

Tumori della terza palpebra nel cane e nel gatto.
Tumori primari: carcinoma squamocellulare,papilloma,emangioma,emangiosarcoma,fibrosarcoma,mastocitoma,melanoma,adenoma,adenocarcinoma
Tumori secondari:linfomi
Terapia chirurgica .asportazione della terza palpebra se il tumore invade i tessuti circostanti allora eviscerazione dell’orbita.

Tumori della congiuntiva nel cane e nel gatto.
La porzione congiuntivale puo’ interessare vari settori:rivestimento palpebrale, fornice,rivestimento terza palpebra,rivestimento bulbare.
Fondamentale e’la diagnosi precoce per una asportazione radicale del tessuto interessato se la massa e’infiltrata alla periorbita allora si procede all’eviscerazione dell’occhio.


Tumori della sclera e cornea del cane e del gatto
Sono tessuti che infiltrano il tessuto sclerale e corneale localizzate a livello del limbo che tendono ad estendersi ed approfondirsi nello spessore della cornea e sclera.
Attorno alla massa neoplastica spesso si depositano lipidi e colesterolo (cheratopatia lipidica).
Tumori primari :Carcinoma squamocellulare cane /gatto
Emangioma –Emangiosarcoma dog / cat
Melanoma dog / cat
Melanocitoma epibulbar dog / cat
Secondary malignancies: lymphomas

uvea tumors in dogs and cats.

intraocular primary tumors more 'common in dogs and cats are melanomas in dogs
melanomas are located in the uveal tract and are predominantly benign, they tend to invade the ocular structures localization rarely affects the choroid.
intraocular tumors in cats are often the most evil 'diffuse' melanoma that affects the entire iris melanoma begins with the appearance of pigmentation in areas that tend to spread, flowing between them. Other
intraocular tumors are adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the body coliare most 'frequently in dogs and cats
Photo ADENOCARCINOMA ciliary body DOG:

masses that are often deform the pupil can cause glaucoma to move the lens in anterior chamber
Primary tumors of the uvea in the dog and cat: CAT IRIS MELANOMA
PHOTOS:

PHOTOS IRIS MELANOMA ciliary body DOG:


melanoma, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, hemangioma, leiomyosarcoma
of secondary tumors 'uvea Nelke dog and cat:
lymphoma, metastases from primary tumors (lung cancer, breast cancer, hemangiosarcoma etc.)
Diagnostic Ultrasound, aqueous humor cents for cytological investigations
therapy after removal of the tumor mass in cases with localized laser yagf cryosurgery. In malignant tumors
uvea and 'fundamental enucleation after excluding distant metastases in other organs. The
enucleation and 'oblige d'iris melanoma in cats that has always behaved very aggressively with malignant behavior in this species. Finally
eyes often hide injuries if not diagnosed promptly can lead to serious health problems for the entire body so that when a conjunctivitis or a rash does not heal after treatment drug should be investigated with specialist tests to rule out neoplastic lesions

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ISTC uveal

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THE DOG keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) IN DOGS AND CATS IN THE DOG




The keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is an inflammation of the progressive
cornea and conjunctiva caused by a lack of
aqueous component of tear film
The disease consists of a drying portion 'of varying length in the cornea and conjunctiva.
Drying and 'the result of an anomalous composition of the tear film (the mucous layer) with the consequent dissolution.
The tear film and 'often 0.01 mm and consists of three layers That external 'nature of lipid and is produced by the sebaceous glands on the eyelid edge, is designed to limit evaporation. The middle layer, and' the aqueous fraction, the more 'internal' which is the mucous layer produced by goblet cells intraepithelial conjunctival.
60% of the portion of the aqueous tear film and 'produced by the lacrimal gland located dorsally to the eyeball, and the remaining 40%' produced by the nictitating membrane gland and accessory lacrimal glands.


Causes of KCS in dogs and cats

Can 'be congenital and hereditary
Traumatic injuries and inflammation chronic loading of the lacrimal gland and changes in their innervation can cause an altered tear production, as in the case of the dell'innervazione next to the base of the ear.
should be noted that often changes in skin as in the case of atopic dermatitis with chronic blepharitis you have an alteration of the sebaceous glands which is followed by an altered lipid component that promotes the evaporation of the liquid fraction of these cases as well as film lacrimale.In treat the eye must improve the state of the skin to have a complete recovery. In the cat
KCS occurs more 'rare, affecting mainly cats with big eyes and short nose with premature rupture of the tear film of the central portion of the cornea resulting in mummification of the cornea (corneal sequestration / nigrum / corneal necrosis) in cats and other common cause 'keratoconjunctivitis Herpes virus
The congenital form recognizes an altered innervation of the lacrimal gland and often
' bilateral breeds more affected are: Dachshund, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, West Highland terrier

Symptoms:
mucopurulent conjunctivitis in the absence or presence of tearing of hair wet area around the eye The cornea and conjunctiva
lose their luster, opaque appearance
chronic superficial keratitis shows edema and vascular congestion in cats Seizure corneal

Diagnosi i valori del test di Schirmer (STT) sono medio –bassi

Terapia
Acuta . dissolvimento dello scolo mucopurulento con mucolitici,lavaggio oculare e applicazione di un unguento a base di ciclosporina in associazione a lacrime artificiali.Alcuni casi richiedono la somministrazione per via generale e locale di cortisonici.
L’applicazione topica di ciclosporina (CsA) rappresentava un metodo
efficace per la terapia della malattia. La maggior parte dei
casi di KCS nel cane è probabilmente causata da un’infiammazione
autoimmune della ghiandola lacrimale e si ritiene
che la CsA eserciti un effetto terapeutico inibendo la proliferazione
dei linfociti T-helper
infiltration of the lacrimal gland of the grapes, allowing the regeneration of
gland secretory function and the return.
Pilocarpine orally increases tear production.
In more 'serious you can' take into account the surgery with the parotid duct transposition (PDT) if the production of saliva and 'alterata.Gli drawbacks of this surgery is the formation of calcium deposits sula cornea el' inflammation of the skin of the cheeks to drain mucus.

prolonged treatment often can not get the desired effects because 'you can not cure the underlying disease that is often accompanied by dermatological keratitis to dry, hence the importance of a more 'generalized disease by improving the quality of the sebum and skin hydration of the skin of the eyelids then.